Diabetes Mellitus
Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders in which there are high blood sugar levels over a prolonged period and is characterized as an elevated level of blood sugars.
Types:
- Type 1 DM
- Type 2 DM
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Type 1 diabetes mellitus:
Type 1 DM is insulin dependent and is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the pancreatic islets, leading to insulin deficiency.
Symptoms:
- Polyuria (frequent urination)
- Polydipsia (increased thirst)
- Polyphagia (increased hunger)
- Weight loss
- Blurry vision
- Feeling tired
- Poor healing
Cause:
The cause of type 1 diabetes is unknown. However, it is believed that it is a genetic disorder.
Risk factors include having a family member with the condition.
Underlying mechanism:
The underlying mechanism involves an autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.
Diagnosis:
Diabetes is diagnosed by testing the level of sugar or A1C in the blood. Type 1 diabetes can be distinguished from type 2 by testing for the presence of autoantibodies.
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Treatment:
Insulin Therapy
- With an injection
- Or with an insulin pump
Type 2 diabetes mellitus:
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (also known as type 2 diabetes) is a long-term metabolic disorder that is characterized by high blood sugar, insulin resistance, and relative lack of insulin.
Symptoms:
- Polyuria (frequent urination)
- Polydipsia (increased thirst)
- Polyphagia (increased hunger)
- Unexplained weight loss
Long-term Complications:
- Heart disease
- Strokes
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Blindness
- Kidney failure
- Poor blood flow in the limbs which may lead to amputations
Causes:
- Obesity
- Lack of exercise
Diagnosis:
- Fasting
- Plasma glucose
- Oral glucose tolerance test
- Glycated hemoglobin (A1C)
Treatment:
- Staying a normal weight
- Exercising regularly
- Eating properly
- Dietary changes
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